Pneumococcal Vaccine

Key vaccine facts

Pneumococcal bacteria, Streptococcus pneumoniae, can cause a range of problems from ear infections to pneumonia (serious chest infections), as well as other life-threatening conditions such as meningitis (inflammation of the brain) and septicaemia (blood poisoning).

There are over 100 different types of pneumococcal bacteria, but vaccines have been produced to protect against only some of these types, the ones that cause the most disease.

The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) used in the UK gives protection against 13 types of pneumococcal bacteria that cause pneumococcal disease and is given to babies in the UK. The brand name of the PCV used in the UK is Prevenar 13 (see the patient information leaflet).

The pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) gives protection against 23 types of pneumococcal bacteria that cause pneumococcal disease and is given to adults in the UK aged 65 years and over, or those who are at a greater risk of complications from pneumococcal disease due to other health conditions. The brand name for the PPV used in the UK is Pneumovax 23 (see the patient information leaflet).

Who should get the vaccine

For babies born in the UK after 1st January 2020, the PCV is given at 12 weeks, followed by a booster at 12-13 months.

For adults in the UK, the PPV vaccine is given as a single dose to adults aged 65 years and older.

Pneumococcal vaccines are also recommended for people of all ages with some health conditions who are at greater risk of complications from pneumococcal disease. This includes people with:

immunosuppression, a missing spleen, sickle cell anaemia or coeliac disease
chronic liver disease, kidney disease or heart disease
chronic lung conditions
chronic brain (neurological) conditions including learning disability
diabetes
cochlear implants
cerebrospinal fluid leaks
complement disorders (the complement system is an important part of the immune system)
those at risk of frequent or continuous occupational exposure to metal fume (such as welders), due to an association between exposure to metal fumes and pneumonia.

Those with a long-term health condition are offered just a single pneumococcal vaccination, or vaccination every five years, depending on their underlying health problem.

Safety and side effects

PCV

Common, affecting up to 1 in 10 people at each dose:

redness, tenderness and/or swelling at the injection site
slightly raised temperature
irritability
loss of appetite
drowsiness
problems with sleeping

Very rare, affecting fewer than 1 in 10,000 people at each dose:

high temperatures, sometimes leading to fits (also called convulsions or febrile seizures)
mild allergic reactions, or skin rash (hives)

PPV

Very common, affecting more than 1 in 10 people at each dose:

soreness, pain, redness, warmth, swelling or hardening at the injection site
raised temperature (fever)

Rare, affecting up to 1 in 1000 people at each dose:

swelling in the injected limb

As with any vaccine, medicine or food, there is a very small chance of a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis). Anaphylaxis is different from less severe allergic reactions because it causes life-threatening breathing and/or circulation problems. It is always extremely serious but can be treated with adrenaline. Healthcare workers who give vaccines know how to do this.

In the UK between 1997 and 2003 there were a total of 130 reports of anaphylaxis following ALL immunisations, although no deaths as a result of the reaction were reported. Around 117 million doses of vaccines were given in the UK during this period. This means that the overall rate of anaphylaxis is around 1 in 900,000.

If you are concerned about any reactions that occur after vaccination, consult your doctor. In the UK you can report suspected vaccine side effects to the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) through the Yellow Card Scheme.

You can also contact the MHRA to ask for data on Yellow Card reports for individual vaccines. See more information on the Yellow Card scheme and monitoring of vaccine safety.

Ingredients

PCV

Apart from the active ingredients (the antigens), the Prevenar 13 vaccine contains very small amounts of these ingredients:

aluminium, which strengthens and lengthens the immune response to the vaccine
sodium chloride (salt)
succinic acid, an acidity regulator
Polysorbate is used as an emulsifier to hold other ingredients together.

Other brands of the PCV used in other countries may contain different ingredients. If you are not in the UK, ask for the patient information leaflet for the vaccine you are offered.

The patient information leaflets for other PCVs that are licensed in the UK but not currently part of the immunisation schedule can be found here: PCV10, PCV15, and PCV20.

PPV

In the Pneumovax vaccine, small amounts of polysaccharides (sugars) from the surface of 23 different pneumococcus bacteria are used to produce an immune response. The vaccine does not contain any live organisms. Apart from the active ingredients (the antigens), it contains very small amounts of these ingredients:

sodium chloride (salt)
A very small amount of phenol, used as a preservative.

Videos about the vaccine

In the short film below, Dr Andrew Prendergast talks about pneumococcal disease and why it is important to vaccinate against the disease.

What is Pneumococcal Disease and why do we need a vaccine?

https://www.youtube.com/embed/Vaj3rmDNQEU?wmode=opaque&controls=&rel=0

Pneumococcal meningitis - Sam's story

Sam Willis had pneumococcal meningitis when he was 9 months old, before the vaccine was available. In this film, made when Sam was 11 years old, his father talks about the lasting effects of the disease and the impact on the whole family.

The lasting effects of pneumococcal meningitis

More information about the vaccine

Recent change in childhood immunisation schedule

Previously, the PCV was given to babies at 8 and 16 weeks, with a booster at 12-13 months of age but changed so that babies will now receive only two injections, instead of three, at the 8 and 16-week vaccination appointments.

This change to the PCV schedule is due to the success of the pneumococcal vaccine programme. High uptake of the PCV has resulted in very low levels of disease caused by pneumococcal bacteria, and the UK Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) agreed that one dose of the vaccine plus a booster should continue to provide good protection for children and the community. See the minutes from the JCVI meeting.

Previous changes to childhood immunisation schedule

In recent years, there have been several changes to the pneumococcal vaccination schedule in the UK:

2002: a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine protecting against 7 types of pneumococcal bacteria (PCV7) was recommended for
immunisation of babies and children in at-risk groups under the age of two years
2003: pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPV) immunisation was recommended for all people aged 65 and over
2004: PCV7 was extended to at-risk babies and children under five years of age
2006: PCV7 was added to the routine childhood immunisation programme
2010: a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine protecting against 13 types of pneumococcal bacteria (PCV13) replaced PCV7.

How well does the PCV work?

It is estimated that in the first 11 years of the pneumococcal vaccine programme (2006-07 to 2016-17), the vaccine prevented nearly 40,000 cases of invasive pneumococcal disease, and about 2000 deaths.

The original version of the PCV (Prevenar7) was introduced in 2006. This vaccine protected against seven of the types of bacteria and resulted in a big reduction in the number of cases of pneumococcal disease in babies caused by these seven types. However, there was an increase in the number of cases caused by other types of pneumococcal bacteria. Six strains in particular were identified as causing most of the new cases of pneumococcal disease.

In 2010, the PCV vaccine was changed to Prevenar13 as it covers more strains of pneumococcal bacteria. Research in 2011 by the UK Health Protection Agency (now The UK Health Security Agency - UKHSA) showed a big reduction in serious disease caused by the additional six types of pneumococcal bacteria protected against by the new vaccine.

Another study by Public Health England (now UKHSA) published in 2015 confirmed that 8 years of PCV use in England and Wales had reduced the overall incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease by more than 50%. The PCV has a herd immunity effect. Vaccination of babies and toddlers has reduced the amount of disease in the whole population, because infants and children are no longer carrying so many pneumococcal bacteria and spreading them around.

However, the 2015 research found that other strains of pneumococcal bacteria were starting to become more common, and could partly replace the strains that are disappearing, especially in non-vaccinated older individuals. The UKHSA has continued to monitor this trend. It has found that strains not covered by the PCV have increased, and are causing more cases of pneumococcal disease (over 4000 cases in 2015-16, compared with about 2000 cases in 2010-11). Recent reports can be found here .

At the moment the disease caused by these strains is generally less severe and less likely to be fatal. There is still a very substantial reduction in disease in young children but non-vaccine strains have replaced the reductions in disease in older age groups to some extent. The UKHSA is continuing to monitor the situation. New PCV products with an increased number of types of bacteria (PCV15 and PCV20) are currently being licensed as well as other products in development globally.

In 2022, PCV15, which protects against the PCV13 pneumococcal serotypes as well as serotypes 22F and 33F, was licensed for use from 6 weeks of age. The JCVI agreed that the current evidence indicated it could be used in a 1+1 schedule. PCV20 protects against 20 pneumococcal serotypes and is currently licensed for use in adults. These vaccines are currently not included in the UK national immunisation programme.

In January 2020, the UK moved to a new infant schedule, with the first dose given at 12 weeks, followed by a booster at 12-13 months. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown and subsequent restrictions since March 2020, cases of pneumococcal disease decreased by 65% across all age groups in 2020/21. As restrictions were eased, IPD incidence gradually increased, initially in young children followed by older children and adults. See the diagram below.

Source: The Green Book

How well does the PPV work?

The PPV is designed to protect against 23 common types of pneumococcus bacteria. Most healthy adults develop a good antibody response to a single dose by the third week following immunisation. Children younger than two years of age show poor antibody responses to immunisation with PPV23 and there is no evidence of effectiveness of PPV23 in this age group.

In the UK, the PPV has been recommended for risk groups since 1992 and for all people aged 65 years and over since 2003. PPV had moderate short-term effectiveness of 41% against pneumococcal disease caused by the vaccine serotypes in adults aged 65 years and over during the first two years after vaccination, with vaccine effectiveness being higher among healthy individuals compared to those with underlying medical conditions. See the full research paper here.

There is some evidence of the PPV offering protection against non-bacteraemia pneumococcal pneumonia.

The length of protection offered by the PPV in risk groups and in older adults is variable and dependent upon the type of bacteria. Antibody levels after immunisation usually begin to wane (lessen) after about five years but may decline more rapidly in asplenic (without a spleen) patients and children with nephrotic syndrome (a disorder in the kidneys).

Source: The Green Book

JCVI recommendation

The Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) now recommends including PCV20 for all adults in risk groups as PCV20 is likely to prevent more disease than PPV23. This is because of the larger health benefit of higher-valency PCVs, and the way pneumonia spreads in the community is changing over time. The protection given by PCV20 may lessen (wane) at a slower rate compared to the PPV23 vaccine.

Read the JCVI minutes here.